CONTENTS
Chapter I - Overview
The notion of limpidity
Why clarify wines ?
History
Filtration principle - Important notions
• Preparation for filtration of wines from rot-affected grapes
• Improvement of wines' filtrability
Chapter ll - Filtration products
Kieselguhr
• Origin
• Extraction - manufacturing
- Natural kieselghurs
- Calcined kieselghurs
- Activated calcined kieselghurs
- Chemical composition of kieselghurs
• Kieselghurs control method
- Kieselghur humidity
- Loss during calcining
- Granulometry
- pH
- Density
- Wet volume
- Flow per unit of filtration surface
- Permeability
Perlite
Characteristics of the principal filtration agents retailed (Kieselghur, perlite)
Precautions to take whilst using filtration agents (Kieselghurs, perlites)
Cellulose
Chapter III - Mechanism of earth filtration of wines
Mechanism
• Straining effect
• Absorption, Adsorption
Supports for the filtration agent and process of earth filtration
Study of differents types of earth filtration units
• Horizontal bell filtration units
- Vertical plates
• Vertical bell housing filtration units
- Horizontal plates
- Plates or racks vertically disposed
• Candle filtration units
• Press filtration units with hollow frames
• Press filtration unit for the filtration of muds and lees
• Rotary drum filtration unit
Explanatory diagrams of the operation of two types of earth filtration units, most commonly encountered in oenology
Installing a filtration unit
• Preliminary study
- Filtration unit evaluation
- Environment, the problems of decrease in load capacity
• Definition of filtration technique (Case study)
• Laying down of specifications to give to constructors or suppliers
• Technical questionnaire to give to constructors
• Comparative study
Filtration layout
• Kieselghur choice
• Primer
• Different examples of traditional primers
• Mixed process, kieselghur plus filtering powder Becofloc 10 Af, adapted to filtration units with horizontal plates
• Procedure allowing a more efficient placement of the pre-coating layer for earth filtration units with horizontal plates
• Dosage
• Two methods to approach optimum dosage
- 1st method
- 2nd method
Theoretical curve of filtration
• Technical checking docket allowing the follow-up and the control of filtration cycles
• Particular procedure of layout for alluvial filtration
• Study of the different anomalies encountered in the filtration layout and their consequences
• Filtration control
- Nepheolometry
- Blocking index
• Semi-automation, automation of the filtration layout
Technique for the chemical cleaning of earth filtration unit
The affect of filtration agents on the support during filtration
• Agent compressibility
• Distribution of the cake
• Problem factors
- Irregularities in the passage of liquid through the filtering surface
- Turbulence in the filtration chamber
- Sedimentation tendencies of filtration agents
Chapter IV - Out lay of deep wine filtration using sheets or cartridges
Composition
Manufacturing
Retention mechanism for plates and lenticullar refills
• Sifting
• Direct interception
• Sedimentation
• Inertia
• Turbulence
• Adsorption electrostatic effect, Zeta potential
Different types of filtering plates or lenticullar refills
• Roughing plates or refills with high yield
• Clarifying plates or refills
• Sterilizing plates or refills
Important parameters for deep wine filtration
• Filter plates
- Dimensions
- Flow by surface unity
- Differential Pressure
- Filtered volume
• Lenticullar refills
- Outline and sizes of refills
- Flow by surface unity
- Differential pressure
- Filtered volume or cycle length
Unit Description
Setting up a filtration unit with plates or with lenticullar refills
layout of deep filtration over plates or lenticullar refills
• Filtration unit with plates
- Setting up the plates
- Rinsing
- Sterilization
- Wine filtration
- Recycling
• Filtration unit with lenticullar refills
- Setting up the lenticullar refills
- Rinsing
- Sterilisation
- Wine Filtration
- Recycling
Filtration with a reversal chambre on a filtration unit with plates controls-tests on plates or on lenticullar refills
Comments on these two types of media plates - lenticullar refills
Chapter V - Frontal filtration of wines over organic membranes
Overwiew
Manufacturing
• First process, manufacturing of a total screen membrane
• Second process, manufacturing of homogeneous membranes
Characteristics
Wine preparation
Wine control before membrane use
• Test of the blocking index
• Test of the modified blocking index
• Test of filtrability, V max
High resolution filtration
• Pore diameter in oenolgy
• Sterilisation of the lenticullar refills
• Integrity test
• Working pressure
• Recycling
• Refill cleaning by ultra-sound
• Advises for setting up an installation
• Layout of the high resolution filtration unit
• Microbiological controls
• Microbiological norms for high resolution filtration
• Problems of costs, cycle length
Membranes or prefiltration refills
• Introduction
• Different types of modules
- Refills for deep filtration
- Refills equipped with pleated prefiltration membranes
• Problems of costs, cycle length
Chapter Vl - Tangential filtration - Wine application
Généralités
• History
• The different techniques of separation by membrane in tangential flow
• Principle of the tangential filtration
• Comparison between direct filtration and tangential filtration
• The different types of membranes
• Membrane characteristics
• Polarization phenomenon on the membrane
• Blocking
• Pararneters intervening in substance transfer through the membrane
Equipment configuration - apparatus use
• General description of an ultra-filtration installation and of a tangential micro-filtration
installation
• Different configuration of equipment used in ultra-filtration and tangential micro-filtration
• Table of different systems of ultra-filtration and tangential micro-filtration
Tangential filtration in oenolgy
• Introduction
• Tangential filter with rnineral membrane
• Tangential filter with organic membrane
- Sartorius
- Tangential filtration tests : KOCH (Ex ROMICON)
- Tangential filtration tests : FILTROX
• Possible diagrams of wines treatment
General conclusions
Chapter VII - Different wine bottling processes
Bottling with heat treatment
Bottling at ambient temperature
Bottling by flash pasteurisation 1st process
Bottling by flash pasteurisation 2nd process
Bottling with deep filtration (sheets)
Bottling with deep filtration (cartridges
Bottling with sterile filtration over membrane of final filtration 0,65 or 0,45 micron
Bottling with tangential filtration and membrane of final filtration 0,65 or 0,45 micron
Industrial index
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